The return value of my App function looks like HTML! This is actually called JSX — a syntax extension of JavaScript, used in React to describe what the UI should look like. AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. That facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications.First introduced in System 7, it is currently included in all versions of macOS as part of a package of system automation tools. The term 'AppleScript' may refer to the language itself, to an individual script written in the language, or, informally, to the macOS Open. The function is particularly useful when your application has to load configuration settings before it can perform any other tasks. To continue with our example, let's use this function to read the 'student.json' file that we created earlier, using the readFileSync function. Add the following code to a '.js' file. 30 keyboard shortcuts Mac users need to know. Or bottom of a web page using the Function key and the right (to the bottom of the page) or left (to the top of the page) arrows on the keyboard.
Processing Dropped Files and Folders
Droplets are applets configured to process dropped files and folders. A droplet is distinguishable from a normal applet because its icon includes a downward pointing arrow, as shown in Figure 17-1.
To create an AppleScript droplet, include an
open
event handler in your script and save the script as an application. To create a JavaScript droplet, include an openDocuments
function in your script and save the script as an application. The presence of this handler or function automatically renders the saved application as a droplet, allowing it to accept dropped files and folders in the Finder. The open
handler and openDocuments
function accept a single parameter—a list of dropped files or folders—which are passed to the handler when the script is activated by dropping something onto it. In AppleScript, these dropped files and folders are alias
objects. In JavaScript, they’re Path
objects. For more information about these types of objects, see Referencing Files and Folders. An AppleScript
open
handler is formatted as shown in Listing 17-1.APPLESCRIPT
Listing 17-1AppleScript: Structure of an open
handleron open theDroppedItems
-- Process the dropped items here
end open
A JavaScript
openDocuments
function is formatted as shown in Listing 17-2.JAVASCRIPT
Listing 17-2JavaScript: Structure of an openDocuments
functionfunction openDocuments(droppedItems) {
// Process the dropped items here
}
Typically, a droplet loops through items dropped onto it, processing them individually, as in Listing 17-3 and Listing 17-4.
APPLESCRIPT
Listing 17-3AppleScript: An open
handler that loops through dropped itemson open theDroppedItems
repeat with a from 1 to length of theDroppedItems
set theCurrentDroppedItem to item a of theDroppedItems
-- Process each dropped item here
end repeat
end open
JAVASCRIPT
Listing 17-4JavaScript: An openDocuments
function that loops through dropped itemsfunction openDocuments(droppedItems) {
for (var item of droppedItems) {
// Process each dropped item here
}
}
To run a droplet, drop files or folders onto it in the Finder. To test a droplet in Script Editor, add the following line(s) of code to the root level—the
run
handler portion—of the script. Listing 17-5 and Listing 17-6 prompt you to select a file and then passes it to the open
handler or openDocuments
function.APPLESCRIPT
open
handler to test a droplet within Script EditorJAVASCRIPT
How to set your default web browser. Launch System Preferences from the dock, Finder, or by clicking the Apple icon in the Menu bar. Click Change All.Click Continue when the Finder asks you if you're sure.Source: iMoreNow any time you open a file with that extension, the Finder will automatically open it with the app you've selected. How to use windows phone app on mac.
Listing 17-6JavaScript: Calling the openDocuments
handler to test a droplet within Script Editorvar app = Application.currentApplication()
app.includeStandardAdditions = true
var file = app.chooseFile()
openDocuments([file])
Creating an AppleScript Droplet from a Script Editor Template
Script Editor includes several preconfigured AppleScript droplet templates, which solve the majority of droplet use cases.
When found, tap the option.5 Now, select a subscription you would like to manage.Here, you can either select a different plan or cancel subscriptions altogether. Sign in with your Apple ID, if prompted.3 Once done, scroll down to locate ‘ Subscriptions’ option under ‘ Account Settings’. If you chose the latter option, your subscription will stop at the end of the current billing cycle. How to cancel mac app subscription.
Note
Script Editor does not include JavaScript templates at this time.
- Launch Script Editor from
/Applications/Utilities/
. - Choose a droplet template.Options include:
- Droplet with Settable Properties—This template processes dropped files based on file type, extension, or type identifier. It also demonstrates how to include a user-configurable setting, which affects the behavior of the script.
- Recursive File Processing Droplet—This template processes dropped files based on file type, extension, or type identifier. It is configured to detect files within dropped folders and their subfolders.
- Recursive Image File Processing Droplet—This template processes image files matching specific file types, extensions, or type identifiers. It is configured to detect images within dropped folders and their subfolders.
All of these templates are designed to serve as starting points for creating a droplet, and can be customized, as needed.
Creating a Droplet to Process Files
In Listing 17-7 and Listing 17-8, the
open
handler and openDocuments
function process dropped files based on file type, extension, or type identifier. The file types, extensions, and type identifiers supported by the handler are configurable in properties at the top of the script. If a dropped file matches the criteria you configure, then the file is passed to the processItem()
handler, where you can add custom file processing code. These examples are not configured to process dropped folders.APPLESCRIPT
Listing 17-7Handler that processes dropped files matching specific file types, extensions, or type identifiersproperty theFileTypesToProcess : {} -- For example: {'PICT', 'JPEG', 'TIFF', 'GIFf'}
property theExtensionsToProcess : {} -- For example: {'txt', 'text', 'jpg', 'jpeg'}, NOT: {'.txt', '.text', '.jpg', '.jpeg'}
property theTypeIdentifiersToProcess : {} -- For example: {'public.jpeg', 'public.tiff', 'public.png'}
on open theDroppedItems
repeat with a from 1 to count of theDroppedItems
set theCurrentItem to item a of theDroppedItems
tell application 'System Events'
set theExtension to name extension of theCurrentItem
set theFileType to file type of theCurrentItem
set theTypeIdentifier to type identifier of theCurrentItem
end tell
if ((theFileTypesToProcess contains theFileType) or (theExtensionsToProcess contains theExtension) or (theTypeIdentifiersToProcess contains theTypeIdentifier)) then
processItem(theCurrentItem)
end if
end repeat
end open
on processItem(theItem)
-- NOTE: The variable theItem is a file reference in AppleScript alias format
-- Add item processing code here
end processItem
JAVASCRIPT
Listing 17-8Function that processes dropped files matching specific file types, extensions, or type identifiersvar SystemEvents = Application('System Events')
var fileTypesToProcess = [] // For example: {'PICT', 'JPEG', 'TIFF', 'GIFf'}
var extensionsToProcess = [] // For example: {'txt', 'text', 'jpg', 'jpeg'}, NOT: {'.txt', '.text', '.jpg', '.jpeg'}
var typeIdentifiersToProcess = [] // For example: {'public.jpeg', 'public.tiff', 'public.png'}
function openDocuments(droppedItems) {
for (var item of droppedItems) {
var alias = SystemEvents.aliases.byName(item.toString())
var extension = alias.nameExtension()
var fileType = alias.fileType()
var typeIdentifier = alias.typeIdentifier()
if (fileTypesToProcess.includes(fileType) || extensionsToProcess.includes(extension) || typeIdentifiersToProcess.includes(typeIdentifier)) {
processItem(item)
}
}
}
function processItem(item) {
// NOTE: The variable item is an instance of the Path object
// Add item processing code here
}
Creating a Droplet to Process Files and Folders
In Listing 17-9 and Listing 17-10, the
open
handler and openDocuments
function loop through any dropped files and folders. For each dropped file, the script calls the
processFile()
handler, which determines whether the file matches specific file types, extensions, and type identifiers. The file types, extensions, and type identifiers supported by the handler are configurable in properties at the top of the script. If there’s a match, then any custom file processing code you add runs. The script passes each dropped folder to the
processFolder()
, which retrieves a list of files and subfolders within the dropped folder. The processFolder()
handler recursively calls itself to process any additional subfolders. It calls the processFile()
handler to process any detected files. If necessary, you can add custom folder processing code to the processFolder()
handler.APPLESCRIPT Run app in compatibility mode mac.
Listing 17-9Handler that processes dropped folders and filesproperty theFileTypesToProcess : {} -- I.e. {'PICT', 'JPEG', 'TIFF', 'GIFf'}
property theExtensionsToProcess : {} -- I.e. {'txt', 'text', 'jpg', 'jpeg'}, NOT: {'.txt', '.text', '.jpg', '.jpeg'}
property theTypeIdentifiersToProcess : {} -- I.e. {'public.jpeg', 'public.tiff', 'public.png'}
on open theDroppedItems
repeat with a from 1 to count of theDroppedItems
set theCurrentItem to item a of theDroppedItems
tell application 'Finder'
set isFolder to folder (theCurrentItem as string) exists
end tell
-- Process a dropped folder
if isFolder = true then
processFolder(theCurrentItem)
-- Process a dropped file
else
processFile(theCurrentItem)
end if
end repeat
end open
on processFolder(theFolder)
-- NOTE: The variable theFolder is a folder reference in AppleScript alias format
-- Retrieve a list of any visible items in the folder
set theFolderItems to list folder theFolder without invisibles
-- Loop through the visible folder items
repeat with a from 1 to count of theFolderItems
set theCurrentItem to ((theFolder as string) & (item a of theFolderItems)) as alias
open {theCurrentItem}
end repeat
-- Add additional folder processing code here
end processFolder
on processFile(theItem)
-- NOTE: variable theItem is a file reference in AppleScript alias format
tell application 'System Events'
set theExtension to name extension of theItem
set theFileType to file type of theItem
set theTypeIdentifier to type identifier of theItem
end tell
if ((theFileTypesToProcess contains theFileType) or (theExtensionsToProcess contains theExtension) or (theTypeIdentifiersToProcess contains theTypeIdentifier)) then
-- Add file processing code here
display dialog theItem as string
end if
end processFile
JAVASCRIPT
Listing 17-10Function that processes dropped folders and filesvar SystemEvents = Application('System Events')
var fileManager = $.NSFileManager.defaultManager
var currentApp = Application.currentApplication()
currentApp.includeStandardAdditions = true
var fileTypesToProcess = [] // For example: {'PICT', 'JPEG', 'TIFF', 'GIFf'}
var extensionsToProcess = [] // For example: {'txt', 'text', 'jpg', 'jpeg'}, NOT: {'.txt', '.text', '.jpg', '.jpeg'}
var typeIdentifiersToProcess = [] // For example: {'public.jpeg', 'public.tiff', 'public.png'}
function openDocuments(droppedItems) {
for (var item of droppedItems) {
var isDir = Ref()
if (fileManager.fileExistsAtPathIsDirectory(item.toString(), isDir) && isDir[0]) {
processFolder(item)
}
else {
processFile(item)
}
}
}
function processFolder(folder) {
// NOTE: The variable folder is an instance of the Path object
var folderString = folder.toString()
// Retrieve a list of any visible items in the folder
var folderItems = currentApp.listFolder(folder, { invisibles: false })
// Loop through the visible folder items
for (var item of folderItems) {
var currentItem = `${folderString}/${item}`
openDocuments([currentItem])
}
// Add additional folder processing code here
}
function processFile(file) {
// NOTE: The variable file is an instance of the Path object
var fileString = file.toString()
var alias = SystemEvents.aliases.byName(fileString)
var extension = alias.nameExtension()
var fileType = alias.fileType()
var typeIdentifier = alias.typeIdentifier()
if (fileTypesToProcess.includes(fileType) || extensionsToProcess.includes(extension) || typeIdentifiersToProcess.includes(typeIdentifier)) {
// Add file processing code here
}
}
Copyright © 2018 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Updated: 2016-06-13
This Wiki page explains how to create a simple application using CEF3.
Note to Editors: Changes made to this Wiki page without prior approval via the CEF Forum or Issue Tracker may be lost or reverted.
- Getting Started
- Source Code
- Build Steps
This tutorial explains how to create a simple application using CEF3. It references the cefsimple example project. For complete CEF3 usage information visit the GeneralUsage Wiki page.
CEF provides a sample project that makes it really easy to get started with CEF development. Simply browse over to the cef-project website and follow the step-by-step instructions. The source files linked from this tutorial are for the current CEF3 master branch and may differ slightly from the versions that are downloaded by cef-project.
Loading a Custom URL
The cefsimple application loads google.com by default but you can change it to load a custom URL instead. The easiest way to load a different URL is via the command-line.
You can also edit the source code in cefsimple/simple_app.cc and recompile the application to load your custom URL by default.
All CEF applications have the following primary components:
- The CEF dynamic library (libcef.dll on Windows, libcef.so on Linux, “Chromium Embedded Framework.framework” on OS X).
- Support files (*.pak and *.bin binary blobs, etc).
- Resources (html/js/css for built-in features, strings, etc).
- Client executable (cefsimple in this example).
The CEF dynamic library, support files and resources will be the same for every CEF-based application. They are included in the Debug/Release or Resources directory of the binary distribution. See the README.txt file included in the binary distribution for details on which of these files are required and which can be safely left out. See below for a detailed description of the required application layout on each platform.
The below list summarizes the items of primary importance for this tutorial:
- CEF uses multiple processes. The main application process is called the “browser” process. Sub-processes will be created for renderers, plugins, GPU, etc.
- On Windows and Linux the same executable can be used for the main process and sub-processes. On OS X you are required to create a separate executable and app bundle for sub-processes.
- Most processes in CEF have multiple threads. CEF provides functions and interfaces for posting tasks between these various threads.
- Some callbacks and functions may only be used in particular processes or on particular threads. Make sure you read the source code comments in the API headers before you begin using a new callback or function for the first time.
Read the GeneralUsage Wiki page for complete discussion of the above points.
The cefsimple application initializes CEF and creates a single popup browser window. The application terminates when all browser windows have been closed. Program flow is as follows:
- The OS executes the browser process entry point function (main or wWinMain).
- The entry point function:
- Creates an instance of SimpleApp which handles process-level callbacks.
- Initializes CEF and runs the CEF message loop.
- After initialization CEF calls SimpleApp::OnContextInitialized(). This method:
- Creates the singleton instance of SimpleHandler.
- Creates a browser window using CefBrowserHost::CreateBrowser().
- All browsers share the SimpleHandler instance which is responsible for customizing browser behavior and handling browser-related callbacks (life span, loading state, title display, etc).
- When a browser window is closed SimpleHandler::OnBeforeClose() is called. When all browser windows have closed the OnBeforeClose implementation quits the CEF message loop to exit the application.
Your binary distribution may include newer versions of the below files. However, the general concepts remain unchanged.
Entry Point Function
Execution begins in the browser process entry point function. This function is responsible for initializing CEF and any OS-related objects. For example, it installs X11 error handlers on Linux and allocates the necessary Cocoa objects on OS X. OS X has a separate entry point function for helper processes.
- Windows platform implementation: cefsimple/cefsimple_win.cc
- Linux platform implementation: cefsimple/cefsimple_linux.cc
- Mac OS X platform implementation
- For the browser process: cefsimple/cefsimple_mac.mm
- For sub-processes: cefsimple/process_helper_mac.cc
SimpleApp
SimpleApp is responsible for handling process-level callbacks. It exposes some interfaces/methods that are shared by multiple processes and some that are only called in a particular process. The CefBrowserProcessHandler interface, for example, is only called in the browser process. There’s a separate CefRenderProcessHandler interface (not shown in this example) that is only called in the render process. Note that GetBrowserProcessHandler() must return |this| because SimpleApp implements both CefApp and CefBrowserProcessHandler. See the GeneralUsage Wiki page or API header files for additional information on CefApp and related interfaces.
- Shared implementation: cefsimple/simple_app.h, cefsimple/simple_app.cc
SimpleHandler
SimpleHandler is responsible for handling browser-level callbacks. These callbacks are executed in the browser process. In this example we use the same CefClient instance for all browsers, but your application can use different CefClient instances as appropriate. See the GeneralUsage Wiki page or API header files for additional information on CefClient and related interfaces.
- Shared implementation: cefsimple/simple_handler.h, cefsimple/simple_handler.cc
- Windows platform implementation: cefsimple/simple_handler_win.cc
- Linux platform implementation: cefsimple/simple_handler_linux.cc
- Mac OS X platform implementation: cefsimple/simple_handler_mac.mm
Build steps vary depending on the platform. Explore the CMake files included with the binary distribution for a complete understanding of all required steps. The build steps common to all platforms can generally be summarized as follows:
- Compile the libcef_dll_wrapper static library.
- Compile the application source code files. Link against the libcef dynamic library and the libcef_dll_wrapper static library.
- Copy libraries and resources to the output directory.
Windows Build Steps
- Compile the libcef_dll_wrapper static library.
- Compile/link cefsimple.exe.
- Required source code files include: cefsimple_win.cc, simple_app.cc, simple_handler.cc, simple_handler_win.cc.
- Required link libraries include: comctl32.lib, shlwapi.lib, rcprt4.lib, libcef_dll_wrapper.lib, libcef.lib, cef_sandbox.lib. Note that cef_sandbox.lib (required for sandbox support) is a static library currently built with Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 and it may not compile with other Visual Studio versions. See comments in cefsimple_win.cc for how to disable sandbox support.
- Resource file is cefsimple.rc.
- Manifest files are cefsimple.exe.manifest and compatibility.manifest.
- Copy all files from the Resources directory to the output directory.
- Copy all files from the Debug/Release directory to the output directory.
Open Mac App Via An Js Function Allows
The resulting directory structure looks like this for 2526 branch:
Linux Build Steps
- Compile the libcef_dll_wrapper static library.
- Compile/link cefsimple.
- Required source code files include: cefsimple_linux.cc, simple_app.cc, simple_handler.cc, simple_handler_linux.cc.
- Required link libraries include: libcef_dll_wrapper.a, libcef.so and dependencies (identified at build time using the “pkg-config” tool).
- Configure the rpath to find libcef.so in the current directory (“-Wl,-rpath,.”) or use the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable.
- Copy all files from the Resources directory to the output directory.
- Copy all files from the Debug/Release directory to the output directory.
- Set SUID permissions on the chrome-sandbox executable to support the sandbox. See binary distribution build output for the necessary command.
The resulting directory structure looks like this for 2526 branch:
Mac OS X Build Steps
- Compile the libcef_dll_wrapper static library.
- Compile/link/package the “cefsimple Helper” app.
- Required source code files include: process_helper_mac.cc.
- Required link frameworks include: AppKit.framework.
- App bundle configuration is provided via “cefsimple/mac/helper-Info.plist”.
- Load the CEF Framework as described here.
- Compile/link/package the “cefsimple” app.
- Required source code files include: cefsimple_mac.mm, simple_app.cc, simple_handler.cc, simple_handler_mac.mm.
- Required link frameworks include: AppKit.framework.
- App bundle configuration is provided via “cefsimple/mac/Info.plist”.
- Load the CEF Framework as described here.
- Create a Contents/Frameworks directory in the cefsimple.app bundle. Copy the following files to that directory: “cefsimple Helper.app”, “Chromium Embedded Framework.framework”.
The resulting directory structure looks like this for 2526 branch:
Open Mac App Via An Js Function Key
Updated